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Site Screening & Feasibility Assessment
Geological Site Selection for Hydrogen Storage
- Salt Caverns: Artificial cavities created by solution mining in salt domes/beds; high sealing capacity, low reactivity.
- Depleted Gas Fields: Existing porous reservoirs with proven sealing caprocks; requires cushion gas (N₂/CH₄).
- Porous Aquifers: Deep saline aquifers with suitable porosity/permeability; risk of microbial H₂ consumption.
- Hard Rock Caverns: Engineered tunnels in granite/basalt; high construction costs but stable long-term.
Volumetric Storage Capacity Assessment
- Hydrogen Column Height: Estimates storage volume based on reservoir thickness and porosity.
- Energy Density: Compares H₂ (low energy density) to methane for equivalent energy storage.
- Cushion Gas Volume: Determines required inert gas (N₂/CH₄) to maintain reservoir pressure during extraction.
GIS-Based Mapping of Storage Opportunities
- Uses EU Geological Data Platform (e.g., EGDI) to overlay H₂ storage sites with renewable energy hubs (offshore wind, solar farms).
Integration Planning with Existing Energy Infrastructure
- Grid Balancing: Stores excess wind/solar power as H₂ via electrolysis.
- Supply Chain Links: Proximity to pipelines, industrial H₂ users (ammonia/steel plants).
Subsurface Characterization & Modeling
Geophysical & Geomechanical Investigations
- ERT/TEM/Seismic: Maps faults, caprock integrity, and reservoir geometry.
- Gravity Surveys: Detects density contrasts (e.g., salt domes vs. sedimentary rock).
Hydrogeological & Petrophysical Modeling
- Porosity/Permeability: Core lab tests (helium porosimetry, pulse decay permeability).
- Wettability & Capillary Pressure: Determines H₂ trapping vs. mobility in pore spaces.
Hydrogen Flow & Thermodynamic Modeling
- Advection/Diffusion: Predicts H₂ migration using reservoir simulators (e.g., TOUGH2).
- Thermal Effects: Evaluates heat exchange during injection/withdrawal cycles.
Geomechanical Risk Assessment
- Fault Reactivation: Models stress changes from cyclic injection (FLAC3D).
- Microseismicity: Monitors induced tremors via acoustic sensors.
Geochemistry & Microbiology Risk Analysis
Geochemical Compatibility Assessment
- Mineral Reactions: H₂ reduces sulfates (pyrite → H₂S), dissolves carbonates (calcite).
- Gas Composition: Tracks H₂ purity degradation due to microbial activity.
Well Cement & Casing Interaction Studies
- Degradation Risk: H₂ embrittlement of steel casings; cement carbonation.
Microbial Impact Studies
- H₂S Generation: Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolize H₂ → toxic H₂S.
- Biofilm Clogging: Microbial growth reduces permeability.
Reservoir Reactivity Classification
- Low-Risk Sites: Salt caverns (sterile, inert).
- High-Risk Sites: Aquifers with organic-rich layers.
Design & Engineering Services
Hydrogen Cavern & Reservoir Design
- Salt Cavern Leaching: Uses freshwater injection to dissolve salt, creating storage voids.
- Aquifer Injection Wells: Screened completions to optimize H₂ flow.
Well Integrity Assurance
- Casing Materials: H₂-resistant alloys (Inconel, duplex stainless steel).
- Cementing: Epoxy resins to prevent H₂ leakage.
Surface Infrastructure Suitability
- Material Compatibility: Avoids hydrogen embrittlement in pipelines/valves.
Monitoring & Risk Management
Advanced Monitoring Systems
- Real-Time ERT: Tracks H₂ plume movement.
- Microseismic Arrays: Detects fault slips.
Leakage Risk Assessment
- Abandoned Wells: Cement plug integrity checks.
- Fault Seals: Pressure monitoring across caprocks.
Microbial Community Monitoring
- DNA Sequencing: Tracks SRB populations in groundwater.
Operational Support & Lifecycle Management
Injection/Withdrawal Optimization
- Cyclic Pressure Management: Avoids geomechanical fatigue.
Cushion Gas Modeling
- Cost-Benefit: N₂ (cheap) vs. CH₄ (energy recovery).
Post-Closure Surveillance
Satellite Monitoring: Detects surface deformations (InSAR).
Feasibility Studies
Strategic CCS Planning
- CCS-EOR: Uses CO₂ for enhanced oil recovery (e.g., Permian Basin).
- Lifecycle CO₂ Accounting: Tracks emissions from capture to storage.
Storage Screening
- Saline Aquifers: High capacity but uncertain injectivity (e.g., Sleipner Field).
- Depleted Fields: Proven seals but limited volume.
Volumetric Capacity Estimation
- CO₂ Density: Supercritical (800 kg/m³ at >800m depth).
Subsurface Characterization
Reservoir Modeling
- Static Models: Petrel/Eclipse for porosity/permeability distribution.
- Caprock Integrity: Shale ductility prevents fractures.
Injection Simulation
- Plume Migration: Predicts CO₂ spread over 100+ years (CMG-GEM).
Geomechanical Risks
- Induced Seismicity: Models fault slip potential (GEOS).
Geochemical Studies
- Mineral Trapping: CO₂ + calcite → dissolved ions → secondary minerals.
- Cement Degradation: CO₂ acidifies wellbore cement → leaks.
Monitoring (MMV)
- 4D Seismic: Time-lapse imaging of CO₂ plumes.
AI Leak Prediction: Machine learning on pressure/temperature data.
Resource Assessment
- Geophysical Surveys: Magnetotellurics (MT) for deep heat sources.
- Heat Flow Analysis: Estimates reservoir temperature gradients.
Resource Development
- Directional Drilling: Targets fractured zones for high permeability.
Resource Management
- Reinjection Strategies: Maintains reservoir pressure (e.g., Hellisheiði Plant).
Integrated Support
Lithium Co-Production: Extracts Li from geothermal brines (e.g., Salton Sea).